What is the Carbon Footprint and how to reduce it

Q: What is the difference between Product Environmental Footprint and Organization Environmental Footprint?

Product environmental footprint allows measuring the amount of greenhouse gasses (GHG) emitted in the production cycle of a product or service, while organization environmental footprints measure the impact of the entirety of an organization’s GHG-producing processes.

The carbon footprint is the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the activities of individuals, entities (like companies and organizations) and communities. It includes so-called “direct emissions” - those created by combustion of fossil fuels in manufacturing, heating/cooling and transportation - as well as emissions required to produce the electricity associated with goods and services consumed. The definition of carbon footprint derives from the principle of ecological footprint: the total area of land required to sustain an activity or population measured in terms of environmental impacts, such as water use and the amount of land used for food production.

When talking about carbon footprint generated by companies and organizations, one needs to distinguish between product environmental footprint and organization environmental footprint.

What is the difference between the two? The former, also called product carbon footprint, allows measuring the amount of greenhouse gasses (GHG) emitted in the production cycle of a product or service, while the latter, also called company carbon footprint, measures the impact of the entirety of an organization’s GHG-producing processes.

When measuring product environmental footprint, the following aspects are considered:

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Upstream processes - the amount of GHG emitted by the extraction and production of input materials and their transport;
Core processes - the amount of GHG emitted during production of the final product, including factory/production energy use;
Downstream processes - the amount of GHG emitted during distribution and stocking of a product, as well as during its use and end-life.

In terms of measuring organization environmental footprint, emissions are considered in terms of one or more of the following “scopes”:

Scope 1 - Direct emissions, for example from stationary and mobile combustion, process emissions and land use emissions;
Scope 2 - Indirect emissions from imported energy (for example, electric energy, steam, heat, compressed air);
Scope 3 - Other indirect emissions, for example those resulting from production and transportation of raw materials, product distribution, waste management and employee transfers.

To calculate a company’s carbon footprint, the company must start by making the best possible estimate of the quantity of greenhouse gases (GHGs) it emits when manufacturing its products and/or carrying out its processes. The company must therefore analyze and record – in accordance with ISO 14067 – its emissions of various types of pollutants. Carbon footprint ISO standard 14067 is one of the product carbon footprint standards used to measure GHGs. Approved by the International Organization for Standardization in 2018, it is considered the international reference standard for conducting product carbon footprint analysis. After having concluded this analysis, the company can then decide whether to apply the same process to each of its productive areas.

Once completed, the analysis enables accelerating the development of GHG emissions strategies, also called carbon management strategies. Calculating the carbon footprint furthermore allows creating a baseline from which to monitor the improvement of emissions performance of a company’s products.

How does one calculate the carbon footprint of a company? Many different factors are considered, including:

Whether the company uses fossil-fuel based means of transport for logistical purposes
What sources of energy a company uses in heating and cooling offices, plants and other facilities and whether that electricity/energy is generated from renewable energy sources or not
Whether energy efficient lights are used in offices and other company facilities
The amount of insulation in a company’s buildings.

The “size” of a company’s footprint varies depending on many factors. For example, all other things equal, a company that uses petrol-powered trucks will create a larger carbon footprint than one whose logistics are handled via vehicles powered by batteries and/or green-hydrogen (hydrogen produced using renewable energy).

The impact a company’s carbon footprint can have on the climate is directly proportional to its size: the larger the footprint, the larger the impact.

So does having a carbon footprint cause climate change?

Considering that a company’s carbon footprint in large part reflects its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - which are generated principally by burning fossil fuels and are considered most responsible for heating the planet - the simple answer is: yes. The more companies use fossil fuels for things like power generation, transportation, heating and cooling offices and plants, and production processes, the more CO₂ is released into the atmosphere.

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But how does carbon affect climate change? The mechanism is simple: carbon-emitting fossil fuels like coal and oil contain carbon that plants removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis over a period of millions of years. Through human activities, that carbon is reentering the atmosphere in a much shorter time frame. As carbon dioxide levels continue to increase in the atmosphere, this leads to negative environmental impacts including increased ocean acidification, rising sea levels and - from a merely climate perspective - more intense droughts and monsoons, as well as more frequent and intense storms.

Depending on what sector they operate in - be it energy, industry, services, power generation or distribution - companies generate carbon footprints of various sizes, just like people. And just like people, companies can take steps to decrease the size of their carbon footprints and reach carbon neutrality.

How can companies reduce carbon footprints generated by their activities? A first - and perhaps the most obvious - step concerns energy sourcing. By switching from high greenhouse gas (GHG) - emitting fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas to renewables like solar, wind and hydroelectric, companies can make a big dent in their carbon emissions, reducing their carbon footprint.

Following are some other tips for companies on how to reduce their carbon footprints and how to become carbon neutral:

Recycle and reduce waste as much as possible
Reduce air travel by using alternative methods of travel and web-based tools for communication and tele-conferencing
Reduce fossil-fuel based transport

Set GHG emission targets along the entire supply chain in order to encourage suppliers to reduce their own emissions and monitor suppliers’ progress in meeting targets
Invest in energy efficiency in terms of building materials, heating and cooling solutions, etc.